Which of the following reduce the production of scattered radiation?

The combination of reduced kilovolt peak (kVp), the use of an anti-scatter grid, and increased collimation effectively reduces the production of scattered radiation, which is essential in enhancing image quality and maintaining patient safety.

Reducing kVp lowers the overall energy of the x-ray beam, which helps in minimizing the amount of scatter produced. Lower energy x-rays are less penetrating and more likely to be absorbed by the tissues rather than passing through and causing scatter.

An anti-scatter grid is a device placed in the x-ray beam path that captures scatter radiation before it reaches the image receptor. By absorbing the scattered rays, the grid helps improve image contrast and reduces the overall level of scatter that contributes to fogging on the image.

Increased collimation narrows the x-ray beam to avoid unnecessary exposure of surrounding tissues. By precisely targeting the area of interest, collimation reduces the volume of tissue irradiated, thus minimizing the potential for scatter radiation to be produced in the first place.

Together, these approaches work synergistically to decrease the amount of scattered radiation, resulting in clearer and more diagnostic-quality images while also enhancing patient protection.